Table 3 Devices with potential to measure autoantibodies (Ab) at point-of-care

Anti-dsDNA

Electrochemical reduction of redox-tagged probe/Ab inhibition in single-step cell

~45 min

[60]

Decreased resonance frequency/piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance

<60 min

[61]

Refractive index change/surface plasmon resonance sensor chip

~5 min

[62]

Anti-CCP

Formation of visual line by colored nanoparticles/lateral flow chromatography

10 min

[66]

Refractive index change/surface plasmon resonance sensor chip

~5 min

[67]

Anti-chromatin

Peroxidase-mediated electrochemical amplification/flow-through cell

20 min

[64]

Anti-IgG (RF) Anti-MCV

Formation of visual line by colored nanoparticles/lateral flow chromatography

15 min

[65]

Anti-Ro/SSA, Anti-Ro52, Anti-La/SSB

Luminescence by luciferase-tagged probe/bead immobilized Ab in two-step cells

25 min

[63]

Anti-β2-glyco-protein I

Refractive index change/surface plasmon resonance sensor chip

~5 min

[68]